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The well-known persistence in the nosocomial environment of multidrug resistant bacterial and fungal species, today responsible for a wide variety of healthcare-associated infections, is believed to be greatly promoted by the ability of most of them to adhere and to grow in sessile mode on mucosal and soft tissues of hospitalized patients, as well as on the inner and outer surfaces of indwelling medical devices, including intravenous catheters, orthopaedic, cardiac valves, intrauterine devices, and contact lenses. In this regard, a large number of these microorganisms, such as Acinetobacter baumannii, Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus, give rise to highly organized, sessile community defined biofilms, in which microbes grow encased in a hydrated matrix of extracellular polymeric substances produced by themselves and are well protected from the attack of antimicrobial molecules and from the host immune response, by resisting phagocytosis and other body's defense systems. The great influence of the sessile growth on the effectiveness of the antibiotic therapies is due to both the structure and function of these microbial communities, making these also 1000 times more tolerant to antibiotics and disinfectants. Thus, alternative approaches to the common antibiotic treatments are emerging for preventing and treating both the mono-species and the most frequent multi-species biofilms, including enzymes able to disrupt mature biofilms and new biomaterials for the coating of medical devices to counteract microbial adhesion and biofilm formation. The aim of this Special Issue is to report on the state-of-art of the basic and applied research in the field of biofilm-based nosocomial infections that can be acquired by patients in both general hospitals and long-term care settings. Particularly, the involvement of microbial biofilms in medical device-related infections and other healthcare-associated infections, so far underestimated and/or scarcely investigated, has been considered, reviewed, and discussed.

Nosocomial infections.

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Infectious eye disorders represent one of the most feared, sight-threatening, and challenging clinical ocular conditions. Visual loss due to eye infection significantly impacts patients' productivity and quality of life. The development of accurate diagnostic tests and better treatment alternatives results from intensive and innovative medical research committed to improving the standard of care of patients suffering from these blinding diseases. This book focuses on the most recent advances in diagnostic techniques for common infectious disorders, including viral, fungal, and contact lens-related keratitis, infectious uveitis, endophthalmitis, and COVID-19-related eye infection. It also describes the current therapeutic strategies that significantly reduce the rate of ocular complications and improve the visual outcome of patients suffering from such devastating disorders.

Eye --- Infections.

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Oral infections mainly affect oral health, but can also affect people's general health in several ways. This book gives an overview of the scientific evidence for linkages between oral infections and other systemic diseases. Much research has been carried out to find the most plausible reasons for associations and possible causal mechanisms in this regard. The last 20-30 years have opened up the field of the infection hypothesis in cardiovascular disease that was first introduced in the nineteenth century. The book also provides a short overview of oral infections and symptoms due to systemic diseases.

Mouth --- Infections.

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Chlamydia infections. --- Chlamydia infections --- Diagnosis.

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Medical care --- Community-acquired infections. --- Community-Acquired Infections --- Infections communautaires.